In the cool, nutrient-rich waters off Norway's coast, a gentle giant glides beneath the surface each summer. The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), known locally as brugde, is the world's second-largest fish, reaching lengths of up to 12 meters. Despite its imposing size, this slow-moving filter feeder is completely harmless to humans, feeding on tiny plankton. Once heavily hunted for its liver oil, the basking shark is now a protected species, and spotting one is a rare and unforgettable experience for wildlife enthusiasts.
A Summer Visitor to Norwegian Waters
The basking shark is a seasonal visitor to the Norwegian Sea, typically appearing in coastal waters during the summer months. As the days lengthen and plankton blooms explode in the nutrient-rich currents, these sharks follow their food source northward. Along the Norwegian coast, particularly in areas like Vestlandet and further north, they can occasionally be seen cruising near the surface.
Their presence is often announced by a large, dark dorsal fin cutting through the water, sometimes accompanied by a second fin and the tip of the tail. Because they feed near the surface, basking sharks are more visible than many other shark species, making them a sought-after sight for wildlife watchers. However, they are still relatively rare, and encounters require patience and a bit of luck.
A Filter Feeder's Anatomy
The basking shark's most distinctive feature is its enormous mouth, which can open up to a meter wide. As it swims slowly with its mouth agape, water flows through its gill rakers—fine, bristle-like structures that trap plankton. This allows the shark to filter up to 2,000 tons of water per hour, extracting tiny crustaceans, fish eggs, and other microscopic organisms.
Despite its size, the basking shark has relatively small teeth, which are not used for feeding. Its skin is covered in tiny, tooth-like scales called dermal denticles, which give it a rough texture. The shark's body is typically greyish-brown, often with lighter patches, and it has a distinctive, pointed snout and a large, crescent-shaped tail.
Historical Hunting and Conservation
For centuries, basking sharks were commercially hunted along the Norwegian coast, primarily for their large, oil-rich livers. A single shark could yield up to 1,500 liters of oil, which was used for lighting, lubrication, and later in cosmetics and food products. The hunting was intense, and by the mid-20th century, populations had declined dramatically.
Today, the basking shark is protected in Norwegian waters, and hunting is prohibited. Although the species is still listed as endangered globally, sightings in Norway offer hope for its recovery. Conservation efforts focus on reducing bycatch and understanding migration patterns, which remain largely mysterious. For the wildlife enthusiast, encountering a basking shark is a sign of a healthy marine ecosystem.
Where and How to Spot Them
Basking sharks are most often observed in areas where plankton is abundant, such as coastal upwellings and fronts. In Norway, they are frequently seen in fjords and along the outer coast, particularly in regions like Sunnmøre and Lofoten. Boat trips in these areas during summer, especially in calm weather, offer the best chances of a sighting.
When observing basking sharks, it is crucial to maintain a respectful distance—at least 100 meters. These sharks are easily disturbed by boats, and close approach can disrupt their feeding. Use binoculars or a camera with a telephoto lens to enjoy the view without causing stress. Remember, these gentle giants are wild animals, and our presence should never harm them or alter their natural behavior.
A Unique Experience in Norwegian Wildlife
Spotting a basking shark is a highlight for any wildlife enthusiast. The sight of a 10-meter-long shark gliding gracefully through the water, its mouth open to sieve the sea, is both awe-inspiring and humbling. It reminds us of the ocean's vastness and the incredible diversity of life it supports.
For those who venture out on the Norwegian Sea in summer, keep your eyes on the surface. A dark fin, a swirl of water, and a gentle giant may just reveal itself. But even if you don't see one, knowing that these magnificent creatures roam beneath the waves adds a layer of wonder to any coastal journey.
About Lars Haugen
Lars Haugen is a field ornithologist and writer from Trondheim. He has led birdwatching tours in Trøndelag for over ten years and writes about birds, equipment, and great locations in Norway.